What highly infectious disease is caused by HIV?

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is the correct choice because it is the condition that develops as a result of a severe progression of HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) infection. HIV attacks the immune system, specifically targeting CD4 cells, which are crucial for immune defense. If untreated, HIV can lead to AIDS, characterized by a significantly weakened immune response, making the individual susceptible to various opportunistic infections and certain cancers.

Understanding the distinction between HIV and AIDS is essential: HIV is the virus that causes the infection, while AIDS is the advanced stage of the disease. This highlights the disease's progression and reinforces the importance of early diagnosis and treatment of HIV to prevent the progression to AIDS. In the context of infectious diseases, HIV is particularly notable because of its ability to be transmitted through specific bodily fluids, emphasizing the need for awareness and preventive measures in both personal and clinical environments.